But because of the need of both the Reds and the anti-Bolshevick forces to deny any Cossack ethnicity the traditional post-imperial historiography dates the emergence of Cossacks to the 14-15th centuries. Academician Zabelin mentioned that peoples of prairies and of the woods had always needed "a live frontier", and even ancient Borisphenites and Tanaites could be the predecessors of Cossacks, not only Khazars, which assimilated/included Severians, Goths, Scythians and other ancient inhabitants, as insisted the Cossack folklore, Constution of Pylyp Orlik, numerous Cossack historians or Khazar Varangians, as claimed the official legal history of the Russian empire. Anti-Semitism had been kept at bay for a generation under Soviet rule, but the Nazis rekindled it.īemporad says her book holds lessons for today, as we see a “return to the surface of anti-Jewish stereotypes or stereotypes against people of color, stereotypes against refugees.” … Governments have a responsibility to prevent anti-Semitism, racism, the othering of members of different ethnic or religious groups.” The Jewish Book Council selected Legacy of Blood for a 2019 National Jewish Book Award in the category of Modern Jewish Thought and Experience.The origins of the first Cossacks are uncertain. Mass murders of Jews were frequently carried out by locals in places like Ukraine under German supervision. That all changed, of course, when the Nazis invaded Soviet territories. The Soviets’ success in preventing pogroms in the 1920s and ‘30s was remarkable, especially with fascism and anti-Semitism rising elsewhere. … Something that originates from below (like a pogrom), something that is not orchestrated from above, cannot be tolerated.” 1 priority,” Bemporad said, was to promote “this idea of brotherhood of the peoples.” Equally important was the message that the state alone “controls violence. Rather, Soviet officials were building a modern, atheistic state, with no room for superstitions rooted in religion or the old ways of the czarist regime. But this “zero tolerance” policy was not to protect Jews per se, Bemporad explained in an interview with the podcast Indoor Voices. Police and courts investigated and punished perpetrators of anti-Semitism with prison terms and sometimes executions. Once the Soviets came to power, the violence diminished. Bemporad’s research includes news accounts, testimonials, photos, memorials, and other evidence. The marauders looted and destroyed homes, communities, and businesses, they gang-raped girls and women, and they slaughtered thousands of people. This irrational falsehood led to repeated attacks on Jewish communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most pogroms were rooted in an ancient “blood libel” - a bizarre claim dating to the 12th century that Jews murdered Christian children to use their blood in religious rituals. One focus of Bemporad’s research is how and why Soviet authorities outlawed anti-Jewish violence once the old world of the czar was swept away by the Russian Revolution. These waves of violence resulted in at least 150,000 Jews being murdered and a third of Jewish women in the region raped.īemporad’s new book, Legacy of Blood: Jews, Pogroms, and Ritual Murder in the Lands of the Soviets, documents the carnage, its context, and the aftermath. Murderous rampages against Jews known as pogroms were “central to the Jewish experience” in Russia and its borderlands in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, according to Professor Elissa Bemporad ( The Graduate Center, Queens College).
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